অধ্যায় ১৫ · Narration (Speech)
Narration পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম
সহজ করে বুঝি
Narration বদলানোর সময় চারটি জিনিস বদলায় — মনে রাখার জন্য ভাবো ‘কে, কখন, কোথায়, কীভাবে’।
কে বলছে বদলালে Pronoun বদলায় (SON সূত্র: Subject→Subject, Object→Object, Nothing→3rd person)। কখন বলা হচ্ছে বদলালে Tense পিছিয়ে যায় (present→past)। কোথায় বদলালে here→there, this→that।
আর একটা ব্যতিক্রম মাথায় রাখো — চিরন্তন সত্য হলে tense বদলায় না। ‘He said that the sun rises in the east’ — এখানে rises-ই থাকবে।
Tense পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| Present Indefinite (go) | Past Indefinite (went) |
| Present Continuous (is going) | Past Continuous (was going) |
| Present Perfect (has gone) | Past Perfect (had gone) |
| Past Indefinite (went) | Past Perfect (had gone) |
| Past Continuous (was going) | Past Perfect Continuous (had been going) |
| Past Perfect (had gone) | অপরিবর্তিত |
| shall / will | should / would |
| can / may / must | could / might / had to |
Reporting verb present বা future হলে tense বদলায় না: He says that he is ill.
শব্দ পরিবর্তনের তালিকা
| Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|---|---|
| now | then | here | there |
| today | that day | this | that |
| tomorrow | the next day | these | those |
| yesterday | the previous day | thus | so |
| last night | the previous night | ago | before |
| next week | the following week | come | go |
বাক্যভেদে Reporting Verb
| বাক্যের ধরন | Reporting verb | যোজক | উদাহরণ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assertive | said / told | that | He said that he was ill. |
| Interrogative (Wh) | asked | wh-word | He asked me what I wanted. |
| Interrogative (Aux) | asked | if / whether | He asked if I was ready. |
| Imperative | ordered / requested / advised | to + V1 | He ordered me to go. |
| Optative | prayed / wished | that | He prayed that I might live long. |
| Exclamatory | exclaimed with joy/sorrow | that | He exclaimed with joy that he had won. |
Interrogative-এর indirect-এ প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন থাকে না এবং গঠন assertive হয়ে যায়।
নিজে চেষ্টা করো
‘He said to me, “I am ill.”’ — indirect করো।